N2 Natural Nutrition Symbiotics 150 Probiotika Präbiotika und Zink 60 Kapseln

Fructooligosaccharide (Inulin), PREMIX PROBIOTIC 400 Milliarden 400*10hoch9 Zellen/g. (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus), Überzugsmittel (Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose)*, Zinkoxid, Geliermittel (Pektin), Gereinigtes Wasser, Geliermittel (Gellangummi)*.
* Bestandteile der pflanzlichen Kapsel.

Wirkstoffe	3 Kapseln (Tagesdosis)	% NRV*
Fructooligosaccharide (Inulin)	810 mg	-
PREMIX PROBIOTIC 400 Milliarden 400*10hoch9 Zellen/g. Bifidobacterium breve Bbr8 ; Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum SP 54 ; Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bi1, Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis SP 37 ; Lactobacillus acidophilus LA1 ; Lactobacillus casei BGP 93 ; Lactobacillus crispatus SP 28 ; Lactobacillus gasseri SP 33 ; Lactobacillus johnsonii SP 72 ; Lactobacillusplantarum LB931 ; L. plantarum 14D ; Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502 ; Lactobacillus reuteri LR92 ; Lactobacillus rhamnosus LB21 ; Lactobacillus salivarius SP 2 ; Lactobacillus sakei SP 20, Pediococcus acidilactici SP 29 ; Lactobacoccus lactifs ssp. lactis SP 38 ; Streptococcus thermophilus SP 4	375 mg - 15*10hoch9 Zellen - 150 Milliarden KBE**	-
Zink	4,5 mg	45%

*NRV: Nährstoffbezugswerte. 
**KBE: Koloniebildende Einheit.

```of All-optical wavelength conversion using non-linear materials has been investigated in detail. Different structures have been analyzed which shows high efficiency, broad conversion band and ultra fast response time. Wavelength conversion using periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) has been studied where different quasi phase matching schemes has been evaluated. Use of different non linear materials like semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and Highly Non Linear fiber (HNLF) has been investigated using cross gain modulation (XGM), cross phase modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing (FWM) process. Finally a fast reconfigurable all-optical wavelength converter based on four wave mixing in highly non linear fiber has been proposed and analyzed. Wavelength conversion is obtained over C-band for 10Gbps NRZ signals. A high performance system with error free operation has been demonstrated. General structure of different components in the communication link is modeled using standard performance criteria. Output spectrum and Q factor is measured in the receiver end to find the performance of the converter. Broad range of optical systems can be studied using the described models. All calculations are performed with a standard software pack of system modeling VPI transmission maker. ______________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Wavelength converter, Four wave mixing, Highly Non linear fiber, Q factor. II. INTRODUCTION Optically transparent wavelength conversion is of paramount importance for routing and switching of optical signals in future dynamically reconfigurable high capacity wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network [1]. To meet the rapid expansion of network services and dramatic increase in transmission capacity, optical networks require optical wavelength converters that are transparent to bit rate and signal format. All optical wavelength converters (AOWCs) must satisfy several requirements. First, it must be fast to operate with high data rates. Second, a large wavelength conversion range is needed. Finally, high conversion efficiency and low noise is required to achieve a good performance [1-2]. All-optical wavelength conversion can be achieved by utilizing optical nonlinear effects in various material systems. To date, several optical wavelength conversion schemes based on nonlinear effects have been demonstrated: nonlinear interactions in periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) waveguides [3-6], cross-gain modulation (XGM) or cross phase modulation (XPM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) [7-10], and four wave mixing (FWM) in highly nonlinear fibers (HNLFs) [11-14]. Among these schemes, FWM in an HNLF has unique advantages including sub-picoseconds response time, form-transparency, and high conversion efficiency. It is also free of the excess noise and chirp that is common in SOA-based approaches. Recently, multi-channel wavelength conversion based on FWM in an HNLF has drawn considerable attention for its prospective applications in future photonic networks. However, to implement these conversion schemes in practical WDM networks, some problems must be addressed. One is the narrow optical bandwidth of the phase matching condition of FWM. High conversion efficiency can be achieved only when the pump wavelength is positioned close to the zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) of the HNLF. To expand the conversion band, one needs to choose a HNLF with a low dispersion slope and flat ZDW along the fiber length. In this work, we propose and investigate a fast reconfigurable AOWC based on FWM in an HNLF. Wavelength conversion is analyzed for 10Gbps NRZ data signals in the standard C-band. We present the system design, experimental setup and performance evaluation. Section III presents the mathematical formulation and different design parameters. Section IV details the proposed system architecture and experimental design. In section V, results are discussed and the performance of the proposed wavelength converter is evaluated. Section VI presents the summary and conclusion. III. SYSTEM PARAMETERS AND ANALYSIS Non-linear materials like PPLN, SOA and HNLF can be used for wavelength conversion. In this section, we present a comparison of the characteristics of these materials. PPLN waveguides have the advantage of broad bandwidth and low noise. However, they suffer from high insertion loss and polarization dependence. PPLN based wavelength converters can be designed using second harmonic generation (SHG), sum frequency generation (SFG) and difference frequency generation (DFG) [3-6]. SOA-based wavelength converters are compact and can be integrated with other components. However, they suffer from high noise figure and slow response time due to carrier dynamics. SOA based converters can be realized using XGM, XPM and FWM [7-10]. HNLFs have the advantage of very fast response time, high conversion efficiency and broad bandwidth. However, they require high pump power and long fiber lengths. FWM in HNLF is the most promising technology for ultra-high speed wavelength conversion [11-14]. In a FWM process, two or more optical waves propagate through a non-linear medium. Due to third-order non-linear susceptibility, new optical waves are generated. If a pump wave at frequency 1 f and a signal wave at frequency 2 f are launched into the HNLF, an idler wave is generated at frequency 3 f where 3 1 2 2 f f f   . If we assume a single pump and single signal, the output idler power P i is given by [11]: 2 3 2 2 3 ( ) (0) (0) i p s P L P P e L      (1) where  is the non-linear coefficient, p P is the pump power, s P is the signal power,  is the attenuation coefficient, eff L is the effective length of the fiber given by 1 (1 ) eff L e     and  is the FWM efficiency given by [11]: 2 2 2 1 (1 ) 4 (1 ) / 4 eff eff eff e L e e L L             (2) where  is the phase mismatch parameter given by: 2 2 2 ( ) p s p p s f f dD d f f f f df c                (3) where c is the velocity of light in vacuum, p  is the pump wavelength, 0  is the zero dispersion wavelength, D is the dispersion coefficient and dD df is the dispersion slope. It is clear from Eq (1) and (2) that the conversion efficiency depends heavily on the phase mismatch  . If 0   , 1   and high conversion efficiency can be achieved. To make 0   , we need to align the pump wavelength close to the zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) of the fiber ( i.e. 0 p    ). The non-linear phase shift is given by NL NL p L    . For a fiber with length 1km, non-linear coefficient 2 2 1 1 11.5W km     and pump power 100mW, the non-linear phase shift is 1.15rad. IV. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE Figure 1 shows the schematic of the proposed all-optical wavelength converter based on FWM in highly non-linear fiber. It consists of a signal transmitter, a pump laser, an optical coupler, HNLF, a band pass filter (BPF) and a receiver. Signal Transmitter: The transmitter consists of a continuous wave (CW) laser operating at wavelength 1550nm (193.5THz). The laser light is modulated by a 10 Gbps pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). The data format is non-return to zero (NRZ). The output signal power is 0dBm. Pump Laser: The pump source is a CW laser with adjustable wavelength. The pump power is set to 20dBm (100mW) to achieve high non-linear interaction. The pump wavelength is set close to the ZDW of the HNLF. Optical Coupler: A 3dB optical coupler is used to combine the signal and the pump before launching into the HNLF. HNLF: The highly non-linear fiber is the core component of the wavelength converter. The fiber parameters are: Length L=1 km, zero dispersion wavelength 0 1545nm   , dispersion slope 2 0.03ps / nm km , non-linear coefficient 2 1 1 11.5W km     and attenuation 0.5dB / km   . Band Pass Filter (BPF): After the HNLF, a tunable band pass filter is used to filter out the generated idler (converted wavelength) and suppress the residual pump and signal waves. The BPF bandwidth is set to 100 GHz. Receiver: The receiver consists of an optical attenuator, a photodiode, a low pass Bessel filter and a Q-factor estimator. The Q-factor is measured as a function of the received optical power to analyze the transmission performance. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this section, we analyze the performance of the proposed wavelength converter. First, we examine the output spectrum of the HNLF. Figure 2 shows the optical spectrum at the output of the 1km HNLF. The pump wavelength is set to 1545nm and the signal is at 1550nm. Due to FWM, a new wave (idler) is generated at 1540nm. The power of the converted signal (idler) is -15dBm. The conversion efficiency defined as / c s P P is -15dB. Figure 3 shows the optical spectrum after the band pass filter. It can be seen that the pump and signal are suppressed by more than 40dB, and only the converted signal at 1540nm is present. Next, we investigate the wavelength conversion range. The pump wavelength is fixed at 1545nm (ZDW), and the signal wavelength is varied from 1530nm to 1560nm. The generated idler wavelength varies accordingly from 1560nm to 1530nm. Figure 4 shows the conversion efficiency as a function of the wavelength spacing between the pump and the signal. It is observed that the conversion efficiency remains flat (within 3dB) over a 30nm bandwidth (1530nm to 1560nm). This is due to the low dispersion slope of the HNLF which maintains the phase matching condition over a wide range. Finally, we evaluate the system performance by measuring the Q-factor. Figure 5 shows the Q-factor as a function of the received optical power for both the back-to-back signal (before conversion) and the converted signal (after conversion). The signal rate is 10Gbps. For a Q-factor of 6 (which corresponds to a BER of 9 10  ), the receiver sensitivity for the back-to-back signal is -22dBm. For the converted signal, the receiver sensitivity is -20dBm. Thus, the power penalty due to the wavelength conversion process is only 2dB. This indicates that the proposed AOWC has a very high signal quality and low noise addition. VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION An all-optical wavelength converter based on FWM in highly non-linear fiber (HNLF) has been proposed and analyzed. Wavelength conversion of a 10Gbps NRZ signal has been demonstrated across the C-band. The converter shows a wide conversion range of 30nm with a flat response. The power penalty of the wavelength conversion process is found to be only 2dB at a BER of 9 10  . The system has been modeled and simulated using VPI transmission maker. The results show that HNLF based FWM is a highly efficient and fast technique for all-optical wavelength conversion, which can be widely used in future high capacity WDM optical networks. Signal Transmitter 10 Gbps NRZ Pump Laser 100mW Optical Coupler HNLF 1km Tunable BPF Receiver Q-Factor Estimator Fig. 1. Schematic of the proposed all-optical wavelength converter based on FWM in HNLF. -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 Optical Power (dBm) Wavelength (nm) Signal Pump Idler Fig. 2. Optical spectrum at the output of the HNLF. -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 Optical Power (dBm) Wavelength (nm) Converted Signal Fig. 3. Optical spectrum after the band pass filter. -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Conversion Efficiency (dB) Wavelength Spacing (nm) Fig. 4. Conversion efficiency vs. wavelength spacing between pump and signal. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 Q-factor Received Power (dBm) Back-to-Back Converted Signal Fig. 5. Q-factor vs. received optical power for back-to-back and converted signals. REFERENCES [1] S. J. B. Yoo,